The legal, ethical, and policy frameworks governing cyber warfare are still evolving, reflecting the novelty and complexity of the domain. Nations grapple with how to apply existing international laws of armed conflict to cyberspace, develop appropriate doctrines, establish clear rules of engagement, and address the profound ethical implications of cyber operations.
The consensus among most states and legal experts is that existing international law, including the United Nations (UN) Charter and International Humanitarian Law (IHL) (also known as the laws of armed conflict or the law of war), applies to cyberspace [2]. However, the application of these laws to the unique characteristics of cyber operations presents significant interpretative challenges.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) #
IHL governs the conduct of hostilities and aims to limit the effects of armed conflict. Key principles of IHL that apply to cyber operations include:
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